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- MEASURE FOR MEASURE
-
- Background
- Measure for Measure, first printed in the 1623 Folio, was performed at court on
- 26 December 1604. Plague had caused London's theatres to be closed from May
- 1603 to April 1604; the play was probably written and first acted during 1604.
- Dislocations and other features of the text as printed suggest that it may have
- undergone adaptation after Shakespeare's death. Someone - perhaps Thomas
- Middleton, to judge by the style - seems to have supplied a new, seedy opening
- to Act 1, Scene 2; and an adapter seems also to have altered 3.1.517 - 4.1.63 by
- transposing the Duke's two soliloquies, by introducing a stanza from a popular
- song, and by supplying dialogue to follow it. We print the text in what we
- believe to be its adapted form; a conjectured reconstruction of Shakespeare's
- original version of the adapted sections is given in the Additional Passages.
-
- The story of a woman who, in seeking to save the life of a male relative,
- arouses the lust of a man in authority was an ancient one that reached literary
- form in the mid sixteenth century. Shakespeare may have known the prose
- version in Giambattista Cinzio Giraldi's Gli Ecatommiti (1565, translated into
- French in 1583) and the same author's play Epitia (1573, published in 1583),
- but his main source was George Whetstone's unsuccessful, unperformed two-
- part tragicomedy Promos and Cassandra, published in 1578.
-
- Shakespeare's title comes from Saint Matthew's account of Christ's Sermon on
- the Mount: æwith what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you againÆ. The
- title is not expressive of the play's morality, but it alerts the spectator to
- Shakespeare's exploration of moral issues. His heroine, Isabella, is not merely,
- as in Whetstone, a virtuous young maiden: she is about to enter a nunnery. Her
- brother, Claudio, has not, as in Whetstone, been accused (however unjustly) of
- rape: his union with the girl (Juliet) he has made pregnant has been ratified by a
- betrothal ceremony, and lacks only the church's formal blessing. So Angelo,
- deputizing for the absent Duke of Vienna, seems peculiarly harsh in attempting
- to enforce the city's laws against fornication by insisting on Claudio's
- execution; and Angelo's hypocrisy in demanding Isabella's chastity in return for
- her brother's life seems correspondingly greater. By adding the character of
- Mariana, to whom Angelo himself had once been betrothed, and by employing
- the traditional motif of the æbed-trickÆ, by which Mariana substitutes for
- Isabella in Angelo's bed, Shakespeare permits Isabella both to retain her virtue
- and to forgive Angelo without marrying him.
-
- Although Measure for Measure, like The Merchant of Venice, is much
- concerned with justice and mercy, its more explicit concern with sex and death
- along with the intense emotional reality, at least in the earlier part of the play, of
- its portrayal of Angelo, Isabella, and Claudio, creates a deeper seriousness of
- tone which takes it out of the world of romantic comedy into that of
- tragicomedy or, as the twentieth-century label has it, æproblem playÆ. Its low-life
- characters inhabit a diseased world of brothels and prisons, but there is a life-
- enhancing quality in their frank acknowledgement of sexuality; and the Duke's
- manipulation of events casts a tinge of romance over the play's later scenes.
-
- Measure for Measure's subtle and passionate exploration of issues of sexual
- morality, of the uses and abuses of power, has given it a special appeal in the
- later part of the twentieth century. Each of the ægoodÆ characters fails in some
- respect; none of the æbadÆ ones lacks some redeeming quality; all are, in the last
- analysis, ædesperately mortalÆ (4.2.148).
-
-
-
- THE PERSONS OF THE PLAY
-
- Vincentio, the DUKE of Vienna
- ANGELO, appointed his deputy
- ESCALUS, an old lord, appointed Angelo's secondary
-
- CLAUDIO, a young gentleman
- JULIET, betrothed to Claudio
- ISABELLA, Claudio's sister, novice to a sisterhood of nuns
-
- LUCIO, a fantastic
- Two other such GENTLEMEN
- FROTH, a foolish gentleman
- MISTRESS OVERDONE, a bawd
- POMPEY, her clownish servant
-
- A PROVOST
- ELBOW, a simple constable
- A JUSTICE
- ABHORSON, an executioner
- BARNARDINE, a dissolute condemned prisoner
-
- MARIANA, betrothed to Angelo
- A BOY, attendant on Mariana
-
- FRIAR PETER
- FRANCESCA, a nun
-
- VARRIUS, a lord, friend to the Duke
-
- Lords, officers, citizens, servants
-
-
-
- Act 1 Scene 1
-
- (Enter the Duke, Escalus, and other lords)
- l1l Duke Escalus.
- l2l Escalus My lord.
- l3l Duke Of government the properties to unfold
- l4l Would seem in me tÆ affect speech and discourse,
- l5l Since I am put to know that your own science
- l6l Exceeds in that the lists of all advice
- l7l My strength can give you. Then no more remains
- l8l But this: to your sufficiency, as your worth is able,
- l9l And let them work. The nature of our people,
- l10l Our cityÆs institutions and the terms
- l11l For common justice, youÆre as pregnant in
- l12l As art and practice hath enrichΦd any
- l13l That we remember.
- (He gives Escalus papers)
- There is our commission,
- l14l From which we would not have you warp.
- (To a lord) Call hither,
- l15l I say bid come before us, Angelo.
- (Exit lord)
- l16l (To Escalus) What figure of us think you he will bear?ù
- l17l For you must know we have with special soul
- l18l Elected him our absence to supply,
- l19l Lent him our terror, dressed him with our love,
- l20l And given his deputation all the organs
- l21l Of our own power. What think you of it?
- l22l Escalus If any in Vienna be of worth
- l23l To undergo such ample grace and honour,
- l24l It is Lord Angelo.
- (Enter Angelo)
- Duke Look where he comes.
- l25l Angelo Always obedient to your graceÆs will,
- l26l I come to know your pleasure.
- Duke Angelo,
- l27l There is a kind of character in thy life
- l28l That to thÆ observer doth thy history
- l29l Fully unfold. Thyself and thy belongings
- l30l Are not thine own so proper as to waste
- l31l Thyself upon thy virtues, they on thee.
- l32l Heaven doth with us as we with torches do,
- l33l Not light them for themselves; for if our virtues
- l34l Did not go forth of us, Ætwere all alike
- l35l As if we had them not. Spirits are not finely touched
- l36l But to fine issues; nor nature never lends
- l37l The smallest scruple of her excellence
- l38l But, like a thrifty goddess, she determines
- l39l Herself the glory of a creditor,
- l40l Both thanks and use. But I do bend my speech
- l41l To one that can my part in him advertise.
- l42l Hold therefore, Angelo.
- l43l In our remove be thou at full ourself.
- l44l Mortality and mercy in Vienna
- l45l Live in thy tongue and heart. Old Escalus,
- l46l Though first in question, is thy secondary.
- l47l Take thy commission.
- Angelo Now good my lord,
- l48l Let there be some more test made of my metal
- l49l Before so noble and so great a figure
- l50l Be stamped upon it.
- Duke No more evasion.
- l51l We have with leavened and preparΦd choice
- l52l Proceeded to you; therefore take your honours.
- (Angelo takes his commission)
- l53l Our haste from hence is of so quick condition
- l54l That it prefers itself, and leaves unquestioned
- l55l Matters of needful value. We shall write to you
- l56l As time and our concernings shall importune,
- l57l How it goes with us; and do look to know
- l58l What doth befall you here. So fare you well.
- l59l To thÆ hopeful execution do I leave you
- l60l Of your commissions.
- Angelo Yet give leave, my lord,
- l61l That we may bring you something on the way.
- l62l Duke My haste may not admit it;
- l63l Nor need you, on mine honour, have to do
- l64l With any scruple. Your scope is as mine own,
- l65l So to enforce or qualify the laws
- l66l As to your soul seems good. Give me your hand.
- l67l IÆll privily away. I love the people,
- l68l But do not like to stage me to their eyes.
- l69l Though it do well, I do not relish well
- l70l Their loud applause and aves vehement;
- l71l Nor do I think the man of safe discretion
- l72l That does affect it. Once more, fare you well.
- l73l Angelo The heavens give safety to your purposes!
- l74l Escalus Lead forth and bring you back in happiness!
- l75l Duke I thank you. Fare you well.
- (Exit)
- l76l Escalus I shall desire you, sir, to give me leave
- l77l To have free speech with you; and it concerns me
- l78l To look into the bottom of my place.
- l79l A power I have, but of what strength and nature
- l80l I am not yet instructed.
- l81l Angelo ÆTis so with me. Let us withdraw together,
- l82l And we may soon our satisfaction have
- l83l Touching that point.
- Escalus IÆll wait upon your honour.
- (Exeunt)
-